Neodymium Magnet Glossary

Welcome to our comprehensive glossary of neodymium magnets. As a leading supplier of high-quality magnets, we understand the importance of having a solid grasp of magnet terminology.

Whether you're an industry professional, a hobbyist, or simply curious about the fascinating world of magnets, our glossary is designed to provide you with clear and concise definitions of key terms related to neodymium magnets.

From magnetic fields and flux density to magnetization curves and material grades, our glossary covers a wide range of topics to enhance your understanding. Explore the world of neodymium magnets with confidence and take your magnet knowledge to the next level.

Air Gap

The term "air gap" refers to the space or distance between a magnet and another object. It doesn't have to be air specifically but can be any non-magnetic material. Magnets have a magnetic field, which is the region around the magnet where its influence is felt. When there is an air gap between two magnets or a magnet and another object, it affects the strength of the magnetic field. The field spreads out and weakens as the distance increases. A larger air gap between magnets results in a weaker magnetic attraction or repulsion.

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Anisotropic

Anisotropic materials, like neodymium magnets, are those whose properties depend on the direction within the material. Unlike isotropic materials, which exhibit consistent properties regardless of direction, anisotropic materials display variations in their behavior based on orientation. In the context of magnetism, anisotropic materials have magnetic properties that align preferentially in a specific direction. 

Magnets that are anisotropic are substantially more powerful than isotropic magnets. But unlike anisotropic magnets, which can only be magnetized in one direction, isotropic magnets have the benefit of being able to be magnetized in any direction.

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Anneal

Annealing refers to the high-temperature treatment of magnetic materials to alleviate stresses induced during their formation. This process involves subjecting the material to elevated temperatures, typically performed in a vacuum or an inert gas environment to prevent oxidation. Annealing helps improve the material's magnetic properties, relaxes internal stresses, and enhances its structural integrity. By carefully controlling the annealing process, manufacturers can tailor the magnetic material to meet specific application requirements.

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Axially Magnetized

Axially magnetized refers to a magnetization orientation where the magnetic field lines align predominantly along the axial direction of the magnet. In this configuration, the magnet's north and south poles are positioned on opposite faces, creating a magnetic field that extends from one pole to the other along the magnet's length. Axial magnetization is commonly used in disc magnets, ring magnets, and sphere magnets.

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B - Magnetic Induction

B, or magnetic induction, represents the magnetic field induced by a given field strength, H. It signifies the vector sum of the magnetic field strength and the resultant intrinsic induction at each point within a magnetic material. Magnetic induction is measured as the flux per unit area perpendicular to the magnetic path's direction. Understanding magnetic induction is essential for evaluating the behavior and performance of magnetic materials in various applications.

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Bd - Remanent Induction

Bd, or remanent induction, refers to the magnetic induction that remains in a material after removing an applied saturating magnetic field, Hs. It represents the magnetic induction at any point on the demagnetization curve. Remanent induction is a measure of the material's residual magnetism and is quantified in units of gauss or tesla. Understanding Bd is important in assessing the magnetic properties and behavior of materials, particularly in magnetically sensitive applications.

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Bd/Hd - Slope Of The Operating Line

The ratio of remanent induction, Bd, to the demagnetizing force, Hd, is referred to as the slope of the operating line. This parameter is also known as the permeance coefficient, shear line, load line, or unit permeance. The Bd/Hd ratio provides insights into the material's magnetic behavior and its ability to sustain magnetic induction under the influence of the applied demagnetizing force. Understanding the slope of the operating line is crucial for optimizing magnetic circuit design and ensuring desired magnetic performance.

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Bg - Magnetic Induction In The Air Gap

Bg represents the average magnetic induction within the air gap or a specific point within it. The air gap refers to the region between magnetic poles, even if it contains non-magnetic materials. The measurement of magnetic induction in the air gap, denoted as Bg, is vital for understanding the distribution and strength of the magnetic field within this gap. Accurate knowledge of Bg is essential for designing magnetic circuits that rely on the air gap and optimizing their overall performance.

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BH Loop

A BH loop, also known as a hysteresis loop, illustrates the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and magnetizing force (H). It is a graphical representation that shows the magnetic behavior of a material as it undergoes magnetization and demagnetization cycles. The BH loop typically consists of four quadrants, but in practice, only the first and second quadrants are often shown. The BH loop provides valuable information about the material's magnetic properties, including its coercive force, energy storage capacity, and magnetic losses.

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Bi (or J) - Intrinsic Induction

Bi, also known as intrinsic induction or J, represents the contribution of a magnetic material to the total magnetic induction (B). It denotes the difference between the magnetic induction within the material and the magnetic induction that would exist in a vacuum under the same magnetizing field strength (H). Bi provides insights into the material's magnetic properties and its intrinsic ability to generate magnetic flux. Understanding Bi is crucial for evaluating and optimizing magnetic circuit designs.

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Bis (or Js) - Saturation Intrinsic Induction

Bis, or saturation intrinsic induction, signifies the maximum intrinsic induction achievable in a magnetic material. It represents the upper limit of magnetic induction that the material can attain under strong magnetizing fields. Bis is a key parameter for understanding the saturation behavior of a material and its maximum magnetic performance. By reaching the saturation point, the material's magnetic properties become optimized, and further increases in magnetizing force do not result in additional magnetic induction.

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B/H Curve

A B/H curve, also referred to as a magnetization curve, illustrates the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and magnetizing force (H) for a given magnetic material. It showcases how the magnetic induction within the material changes as the magnetizing force varies. The B/H curve provides valuable insights into the material's magnetic properties, including its saturation behavior, remanent induction, coercive force, and overall magnetization characteristics.

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Brmax (Residual Induction)

Brmax represents the maximum residual induction or flux density achievable in a magnetic material. It denotes the upper limit of magnetic induction that the material can retain after it has been saturated. Brmax is a critical parameter for assessing the material's magnetic performance, especially its ability to maintain a strong residual magnetization. By reaching Brmax, the material exhibits its maximum magnetization and retention of magnetic properties.

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C.G.S. (Centimeter-Gram-Second)

C.G.S., short for Centimeter-Gram-Second, is the oldest system of units used in magnetics. It is particularly employed in presenting data related to powder cores. The C.G.S. system utilizes specific units for magnetizing force, magnetic flux density, length, mass, and time. Although it has been largely superseded by the MKSA (SI) system, the C.G.S. system remains relevant for historical and specialized applications in the field of magnetics.

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Closed Circuit

A closed circuit refers to a magnetic circuit configuration where the magnetic flux forms a complete loop without any breaks or interruptions. It involves the use of high-permeability materials or magnetic components that create a continuous path for the magnetic field lines to follow. By maintaining a closed circuit, the magnetic flux is effectively channeled and guided, ensuring optimal magnetic performance and minimizing flux leakage. Closed circuits are crucial in various applications that rely on controlled magnetic fields.

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Coercive Force, Hc

Coercive force, denoted as Hc, represents the demagnetizing force required to reduce the residual induction (Br) of a magnetic material to zero. It signifies the intensity of a magnetic field needed to demagnetize or reverse the magnetization of the material. Coercive force serves as a measure of a material's magnetic permanence and its resistance to demagnetization. Permanent magnets exhibit high coercive force, indicating their ability to retain a strong magnetic field over time.

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Coercivity, Hci or iHc

Coercivity, symbolized as Hci or iHc, characterizes a magnetic material's resistance to demagnetization. It signifies the demagnetizing force that reduces the intrinsic induction (Bi) within the material to zero. Coercivity is an essential parameter for evaluating the stability and permanence of a magnet's magnetic properties. High coercivity indicates a material's ability to withstand external influences or demagnetizing forces, ensuring long-term magnetic performance.

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Curie Temperature, Tc

Curie temperature, denoted as Tc, refers to the temperature at which ferromagnetic materials undergo a phase transition and lose their permanent magnetic properties. Beyond the Curie temperature, these materials become paramagnetic, meaning they no longer exhibit strong magnetic behavior. The Curie temperature marks the temperature threshold at which ferromagnetic materials transition from a magnetically ordered state to a non-magnetic or weakly magnetic state. It is an important parameter for understanding and predicting the behavior of magnetic materials at different temperatures.

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Demagnetisation

Demagnetization refers to the process of reducing or eliminating the magnetization or residual induction within a magnetic material. It involves applying a demagnetizing force or subjecting the material to specific conditions that result in a decrease in magnetic field strength.

Demagnetization can be achieved through various methods, such as applying alternating magnetic fields, heating the material above its Curie temperature, or using degaussing techniques. Demagnetization is crucial in applications where precise control of magnetization or complete removal of residual magnetism is required.

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Demagnetization Curve

A demagnetization curve, also known as a magnetization curve or hysteresis loop, represents the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and magnetizing force (H) as a material undergoes magnetization and demagnetization cycles. It illustrates how the material's magnetic properties change during these cycles and provides insights into its hysteresis behavior, coercivity, and remanent induction. Demagnetization curves are essential for understanding and analyzing the magnetization characteristics and stability of magnetic materials.

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Demagnetization Force

Demagnetization force refers to the external magnetic field or demagnetizing field applied to a magnetic material to reduce its magnetization or induce demagnetization. It is the force or field that counteracts the internal magnetization within the material, resulting in a decrease in magnetic induction. Demagnetization force is used to manipulate and control the magnetic properties of materials, enabling the adjustment or removal of magnetization for specific applications.

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Demagnetized

Demagnetized describes the state of a material where its remanent induction, or residual magnetization, has been reduced to zero or near-zero levels. This state is achieved by subjecting the material to a demagnetizing process, which involves applying an alternating magnetic field or utilizing other demagnetization techniques such as heat.

Demagnetization is employed to remove any remaining magnetism and ensure the material does not exhibit magnetic properties. 

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Density

Density refers to the compactness or concentration of magnetic material within a given space. Density is an important factor in determining the overall weight and size of magnetic components or assemblies. Higher material density often correlates with increased magnetic performance and efficiency.

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Diamagnetic

Diamagnetic materials exhibit a weak repulsion to magnetic fields. Unlike ferromagnetic or paramagnetic materials, diamagnetic substances have no permanent magnetic moment and are not easily magnetized. When exposed to a magnetic field, diamagnetic materials generate a magnetic field that opposes the applied field, resulting in a net repulsive force. Diamagnetic behavior arises from the induced currents within the material that create a magnetic field opposing the external field.

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Diameter

Diameter refers to the straight-line distance across the widest part of a disc, ring, or sphere magnet. 

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Diametrically Magnetized Magnets

Diametrically magnetized magnets are magnets that are magnetized along their diameter rather than their axial direction. In this magnetization configuration, the magnetic poles are positioned on opposite sides of the magnet's cross-section, creating a circular or annular magnetic field. Diametric magnetization offers unique magnetic field patterns and can be advantageous in certain applications where radial or rotational magnetic interactions are required.

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Dimensional Tolerance

Dimensional tolerance refers to the acceptable deviation or range of variation in the dimensions or size of a magnet. It indicates the allowable difference between the specified dimensions and the actual measured dimensions. 

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Dimensions

Dimensions refer to the measurable physical quantities of a magnet or magnet assembly. Dimensions are used to specify the length, width, height, diameter, or other geometrical properties of magnets. Accurate dimensioning is crucial for proper integration, alignment, and compatibility of magnetic components within a system.

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Direction of Magnetization

The direction of magnetization, often called the magnetization direction, specifies the alignment or orientation of the magnetic domains within a material or the arrangement of magnetic poles in a magnet. It indicates the path or axis along which the magnetic field is established. The direction of magnetization is a key characteristic of magnets and magnetic materials, influencing their magnetic behavior, field patterns, and interaction with other magnetic elements.

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Domains

Domains are microscopic regions within a magnetic material where the atomic or molecular magnetic moments align in the same direction. These aligned moments create a localized magnetic field, contributing to the overall magnetization of the material. Domains can be influenced by external magnetic fields, heat, or stress, leading to changes in their size, orientation, or number. 

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Eddy Currents

Eddy currents refer to circulating electrical currents induced within conductive materials when exposed to changing magnetic fields. These currents create opposing magnetic fields that can result in energy dissipation, heating, or unwanted resistive effects. In magnetic systems, eddy currents are a common source of power loss and inefficiency. They are managed and minimized through design considerations, such as the use of laminated cores or magnetic shielding.

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Electromagnet

An electromagnet is a magnet formed by passing an electric current through a conductor, such as a wire coil. The magnetic field produced by the current flowing through the conductor can be controlled or manipulated by adjusting the magnitude and direction of the current. Electromagnets find wide applications in various industries and technologies, from electric motors and generators to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems.

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Energy Product

Energy product refers to the measure of the energy stored in a magnetic material and its ability to supply energy to an external magnetic circuit. It is determined by multiplying the magnetic induction (Bd) by the magnetizing force (Hd) at a specific operating point on the demagnetization curve. Energy product provides valuable information about the magnetic performance, strength, and efficiency of magnets, commonly expressed in units of Mega Gauss Oersteds (MGOe) or kilojoules per cubic meter (kJ/m^3).

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Ferromagnetic Material

A ferromagnetic material is a substance that exhibits strong magnetic properties, characterized by having atomic fields that align parallel to an externally applied magnetic field. These materials possess high permeability, allowing them to amplify and concentrate magnetic flux. Ferromagnetic materials include iron, nickel, cobalt, and certain alloys or compounds. They are widely used in magnetic applications due to their ability to create strong magnetic fields and retain magnetization.

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Ferrites

Ferrites are a class of ceramic magnetic materials composed primarily of iron oxide (Fe2O3) combined with other elements, such as nickel, zinc, or manganese. These materials exhibit low electrical conductivity and high magnetic permeability. Ferrites are known for their excellent high-frequency magnetic properties, making them suitable for applications in transformers, inductors, microwave devices, and telecommunications. They offer advantages such as low eddy current losses and high resistance to demagnetization.

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Flux Density

Flux density, also known as magnetic induction or magnetic field density, measures the strength of the magnetic field within a material or space. It quantifies the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area perpendicular to the direction of the field. Flux density is typically denoted as B and is measured in units of Teslas (T) or Gauss (G). Higher flux density signifies a stronger magnetic field and is a critical parameter for evaluating magnetic performance and design considerations.

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Fluxmeter

A fluxmeter is an instrument used to measure the magnetic flux density (B) in a magnetic field. It provides a quantitative reading of the magnetic field strength at a specific location or point. Fluxmeters utilize various principles, such as Hall effect, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), or rotating coil techniques, to accurately measure the magnetic induction. 

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Gauss

Gauss is a unit of measurement for magnetic induction or magnetic flux density. It is named after the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss. One Gauss (G) is equal to one maxwell per square centimeter (Mx/cm^2) or 10^(-4) Tesla (T). Gauss is commonly used to express the strength of magnetic fields, particularly in smaller magnitudes. However, the International System of Units (SI) primarily employs Tesla as the standard unit for magnetic flux density.

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Gauss Meter

A Gauss meter is an instrument used to measure the magnetic field strength or magnetic induction at a specific location. It provides a quantitative reading of the magnetic flux density in units of Gauss (G) or Tesla (T). Gauss meters employ various techniques, such as Hall effect sensors or rotating coil principles, to detect and measure the magnetic field. 

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Gilbert

Gilbert is a unit of magnetomotive force (mmf) named after the English scientist William Gilbert, who is considered the father of magnetism. One Gilbert (Gb) represents the mmf required to establish a magnetic field of one Maxwell (Mx) per square centimeter (cm^2) in a magnetic circuit. The Gilbert is not commonly used in the International System of Units (SI), where the Ampere-turn (At) is the preferred unit for mmf.

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Grade

Grade refers to the designation or classification of a magnet based on its magnetic properties, performance, and composition. Different magnet grades are often distinguished by their maximum energy product (BHmax), coercive force (Hc), or other magnetic characteristics. Higher-grade magnets typically exhibit stronger magnetic fields and better performance. The choice of magnet grade depends on specific application requirements, such as temperature stability, operating conditions, and desired magnetic strength.

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High Field Gradient Magnet

A high field gradient magnet refers to a magnet or magnetic assembly capable of producing a strong and rapidly changing magnetic field gradient. The field gradient represents the rate of change of magnetic field strength with respect to distance. High field gradient magnets find applications in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), particle accelerators, magnetic separation, and scientific research where precise control over the field gradient is essential for desired outcomes.

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Homogeneous Field

A homogeneous field refers to a magnetic field with uniform or consistent strength and direction over a given region or volume. In a homogeneous field, the magnetic properties, such as flux density and field strength, remain constant. Homogeneous fields are advantageous in certain applications requiring uniform magnetic environments, such as particle trapping, spectroscopy, or calibration. Achieving a homogeneous field typically involves careful design and placement of magnetic sources or materials.

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Horseshoe Magnet

A horseshoe magnet is a type of permanent magnet shaped like a U or a horseshoe, with the poles (north and south) positioned close to each other. The horseshoe design allows for a concentrated magnetic field between the poles, resulting in a stronger overall magnetic force compared to a bar magnet. Horseshoe magnets are widely used in various applications, including education, metal detection, and magnetic pickups.

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Hc - Coercive Force

Coercive force (Hc) represents the magnetic field strength required to reduce the residual induction (Br) of a material to zero. It characterizes a material's resistance to demagnetization. Hc is a measure of the maximum demagnetizing field a magnet can withstand without losing its magnetization. It is typically expressed in units of oersteds (Oe) or kiloAmps per meter (kA/m). Higher Hc values indicate greater magnet stability and resistance to demagnetization.

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Hd

Hd represents the magnetizing force (also known as magnetic field strength) required to achieve a specific remanent induction (Bd) in a magnetic material. It characterizes the strength of the magnetic field needed to magnetize a material and retain its magnetization after the magnetizing force is removed. Hd is typically measured in units of oersteds (Oe) or kiloAmps per meter (kA/m) and plays a crucial role in determining the magnetic performance and properties of materials.

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Hm

Hm is a common symbol used to represent the maximum applied magnetizing force in a magnetic material or assembly. It denotes the highest magnetic field strength that can be applied before reaching saturation or maximum magnetization. Hm is typically expressed in units of oersteds (Oe) or kiloAmps per meter (kA/m) and is an important parameter in magnetic design, particularly when considering the operating limits and stability of magnetic components.

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Hs - Net Effective Magnetizing Force

Net effective magnetizing force (Hs) refers to the magnetizing force required to fully magnetize a magnetic material to saturation. It represents the field strength necessary to align the magnetic domains in the material and achieve maximum magnetic induction (B). Hs is a critical parameter for understanding the magnetization capabilities and performance of magnetic materials and is typically measured in units of oersteds (Oe) or kiloAmps per meter (kA/m).

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Hysteresis and Hysteresis Loss

Hysteresis refers to the property of a magnetic material to retain some magnetization even when the external magnetic field is removed. Hysteresis loss is the energy dissipated as heat during the magnetization and demagnetization cycles of a material. It occurs due to the internal friction and energy transformations within the material. Hysteresis loss is an important consideration in magnetic materials and core design, as minimizing these losses improves the overall efficiency and performance of magnetic systems.

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Hysteresis Loop

A hysteresis loop is a graphical representation of the relationship between magnetic induction (B) and magnetizing force (H) during the magnetization and demagnetization cycles of a material. It shows how the magnetic induction changes as the magnetizing force is increased and then decreased. The hysteresis loop provides valuable information about the magnetic properties, behavior, and energy losses of a material or magnetic component.

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Hysteresis Graph

A hysteresis graph, also known as a permeameter, is an instrument used to plot and analyze hysteresis loops. It graphically represents the changes in magnetic induction (B) and magnetizing force (H) as a material undergoes magnetization and demagnetization processes. Hysteresis graphs provide insights into the magnetic characteristics, coercivity, energy losses, and saturation properties of magnetic materials. They are essential tools for material characterization, quality control, and magnet design optimization.

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ID (Inner Diameter)

Inner diameter (ID) represents the measurement of the internal or inside dimension of a hollow or tubular object, such as a magnet, tube, or ring. It refers to the distance between the inner surfaces or walls of the object. Inner diameter is a critical parameter for ensuring proper fit, alignment, and compatibility in applications where objects need to be placed or inserted within each other, such as magnetic assemblies or cylindrical magnetic components.

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Induction (B)

Induction (B), also referred to as magnetic induction or magnetic flux density, quantifies the strength of a magnetic field within a material or space. It represents the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area perpendicular to the direction of the field. Induction is typically measured in units of Teslas (T) or Gauss (G) and provides crucial information about the intensity and distribution of magnetic fields. It plays a fundamental role in magnetics, from material characterization to magnetic circuit design.

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Irreversible Losses

Irreversible losses refer to the permanent or irreversible reduction in the magnetization of a material or magnet due to factors such as high temperatures, mechanical stress, or exposure to demagnetizing fields. Irreversible losses result in a decrease in the magnetic properties and performance of the material. These losses are typically associated with changes in the alignment or reorientation of magnetic domains, leading to a decrease in the overall magnetization.

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Isotropic Material

An isotropic material is a substance that exhibits isotropy in its physical or magnetic properties. Isotropic materials have the same physical and magnetic properties in all directions. In the context of magnetics, isotropic materials possess equal magnetic characteristics, such as permeability or remanence, regardless of the direction of magnetization. Isotropic materials are often contrasted with anisotropic materials, which exhibit directional dependence in their properties.

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Keeper

A keeper is a piece of soft iron or ferromagnetic material placed on or between the poles of a permanent magnet to maintain its magnetization and reduce the effects of demagnetization. Keepers provide a low-reluctance path for the magnetic flux, preventing magnetic field leakage and helping to retain the magnet's strength. They are commonly used with Alnico magnets and some older magnet designs but are typically unnecessary for modern neodymium magnets and other high-performance magnets.

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Kilogauss

Kilogauss (kG) is a unit of measurement used to express magnetic induction or magnetic flux density. One kilogauss is equal to 1,000 Gauss. Kilogauss is often employed when referring to strong magnetic fields, particularly in scientific research, magnet testing, or industrial applications where higher magnetic field strengths are encountered.

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Load Line

The load line refers to a graphical representation of the relationship between remanent induction (Bd) and demagnetizing force (Hd) in a magnetic material or component. It shows the operating point of the material as it relates to the demagnetization curve. The slope of the load line provides information about the energy product (Bd x Hd) and the performance of the magnetic material in a specific application. The load line helps evaluate the magnetic behavior and stability of a material under different operating conditions.

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Lodestone

Lodestone is a naturally occurring magnetic mineral composed of magnetite (Fe3O4). It is one of the earliest known magnetic materials and possesses natural magnetization. Lodestone has been used historically for compasses and as a reference for studying magnetism. It exhibits magnetism due to its unique crystal structure and the presence of magnetic domains aligned in a particular direction. Lodestone played a significant role in the understanding and exploration of magnetism in ancient times.

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Magnet

A magnet is an object or material that generates a magnetic field, characterized by the presence of magnetic poles. It exhibits attractive or repulsive forces on other magnets or magnetic materials. Magnets can be natural, such as lodestone, or artificial, created using materials like neodymium or ferrite. They find wide applications in various industries, including electronics, motors, generators, and magnetic storage devices.

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Magnetic Assembly

A magnetic assembly refers to a system or structure composed of multiple magnetic components or materials configured to achieve specific magnetic functions. These assemblies are designed to harness the magnetic properties of individual components to create a desired magnetic field, flux, or force. Magnetic assemblies can include magnets, cores, coils, and other elements, and are used in diverse applications such as sensors, speakers, magnetic separators, and magnetic levitation systems.

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Magnetic Circuit

A magnetic circuit is a path or loop through which magnetic flux flows, typically consisting of magnetic materials, air gaps, and magnetic components. It allows the creation, control, and transmission of magnetic fields. The magnetic circuit concept is analogous to an electrical circuit, where the magnetic flux corresponds to current flow. Magnetic circuits are crucial in designing magnetic devices and systems, ensuring efficient flux distribution, and minimizing magnetic losses.

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Magnetic Energy

Magnetic energy refers to the potential or stored energy within a magnetic field or a magnetic system. It is a measure of the ability of a magnetic field to do work or exert a force on magnetic materials. Magnetic energy is directly related to the magnetic field strength and the volume or extent of the magnetic field. It plays a significant role in magnetic applications such as magnetic storage, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and magnetic-based power generation systems.

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Magnetic Field (B)

A magnetic field, denoted as B, is a region in space where a magnetic force is experienced by magnetic materials or moving electric charges. It is characterized by magnetic lines of force or magnetic flux lines, which indicate the direction and strength of the magnetic field. Magnetic fields are created by magnetic sources such as magnets or electric currents and are fundamental to various phenomena, including electromagnetism and magnetic induction.

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Magnetic Field Strength (H)

Magnetic field strength, represented by H, is the magnetic field intensity or the measure of the magnetizing force applied to a magnetic material or within a magnetic circuit. It determines the extent to which a material can be magnetized or how the magnetic field is distributed in the circuit. Magnetic field strength is dependent on factors such as the current flowing through a conductor or the magnetization of a magnetic material and is measured in units of amperes per meter (A/m).

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Magnetic Flux

Magnetic flux is the measure of the total magnetic field passing through a given area or surface. It quantifies the amount of magnetic field lines or magnetic flux lines passing through a specified region. The flux is a vector quantity, indicating both the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field. Magnetic flux is denoted by the symbol Φ and is measured in units of webers (Wb) or teslas (T).

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Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic flux density, represented by B, is a measure of the strength or concentration of the magnetic field within a given material or space. It represents the amount of magnetic flux passing through a unit area perpendicular to the flux. Magnetic flux density is a vector quantity and is dependent on factors such as the magnetic field strength and the material's permeability. It is measured in units of teslas (T) or gauss (G).

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Magnetic Line of Force

A magnetic line of force, also known as a magnetic field line, is an imaginary path or curve used to visualize and represent the direction and shape of a magnetic field. Magnetic field lines are tangential to the magnetic field at each point and form closed loops for most magnets. They indicate the flow or path that a magnetic pole would follow in a magnetic field. The density of magnetic field lines represents the strength of the magnetic field at different locations.

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Magnetic Path

A magnetic path refers to the route or configuration taken by the magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit or system. It includes the magnetic materials, air gaps, and any other elements that the flux encounters. The magnetic path is designed to guide and concentrate the magnetic field, ensuring efficient transmission and utilization of magnetic energy. Proper shaping and selection of materials in a magnetic path are crucial for achieving desired magnetic characteristics and minimizing losses.

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Magnetic Axis

The magnetic axis is an imaginary line or direction within a magnet where the magnetic field is most concentrated or intense. It connects the poles of the magnet and represents the preferred path of the magnetic flux. The magnetic axis determines the orientation and alignment of the magnet's magnetic field and is important for understanding the magnet's behavior and interaction with other magnets or magnetic materials.

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Magnetization

Magnetization refers to the process of aligning or inducing a magnetic field within a material, resulting in the material becoming magnetized. It involves the reorientation of atomic or molecular magnetic moments to establish a net magnetic field. Magnetization can be achieved through various methods, including exposure to a magnetic field, electrical current flow, or contact with other magnets. Magnetization plays a crucial role in the functioning of magnets and magnetic devices.

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Magnetization Curve

A magnetization curve, also known as a demagnetization curve or B-H curve, is a graphical representation that illustrates the relationship between the magnetic field strength (H) and the resulting magnetic induction (B) or magnetization of a magnetic material. The curve provides insights into the magnetic properties, behavior, and saturation characteristics of the material. Magnetization curves are essential for understanding the magnet's performance and selecting appropriate materials for specific applications.

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Magnetized

Magnetized refers to the state of a material or object when it possesses a magnetic field or becomes magnetized. It occurs when the material aligns its atomic or molecular magnetic moments in a preferred orientation. Magnetization can be achieved through various methods, such as exposure to a magnetic field, contact with other magnets, or passing an electric current through a conductor. A magnetized material exhibits magnetic properties and can attract or repel other magnetic materials.

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Magnetomotive Force (mmf)

Magnetomotive force (mmf) is the measure of the magnetic field-generating capability or magnetic potential difference in a magnetic circuit. It represents the energy or work done in establishing a magnetic field. Magnetomotive force is analogous to electromotive force (EMF) in electrical circuits and is determined by factors such as the number of turns in a coil and the current flowing through it. It is measured in units of ampere-turns (At) or gilberts (Gb).

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Material

In the context of magnetism, material refers to a substance or matter that exhibits magnetic properties or can be influenced by a magnetic field. Magnetic materials can be classified into three main categories: ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and diamagnetic. Ferromagnetic materials, such as iron or nickel, exhibit strong magnetic properties and can be permanently magnetized. Paramagnetic materials are weakly attracted to magnetic fields, while diamagnetic materials are repelled by them. The magnetic behavior of a material depends on its atomic and molecular structure.

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Maximum Energy Product (BHmax)

Maximum Energy Product, denoted as BHmax, is a measure of the maximum amount of magnetic energy that a magnetic material can deliver per unit volume. It represents the product of the maximum magnetic induction (Bd) and the maximum magnetic field strength (Hd) achieved on the magnetization curve. BHmax determines the magnetic strength and performance of permanent magnets, with higher values indicating stronger magnetic materials. It is often used to compare and select magnets for specific applications.

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Maximum Operating Temperature (Tmax)

Maximum Operating Temperature, denoted as Tmax, refers to the highest temperature at which a magnetic material can operate without significant degradation or loss of its magnetic properties. Magnetic materials have temperature limits beyond which their magnetization and magnetic characteristics can be affected. Tmax is an important parameter for magnetic applications that involve high-temperature environments, as it ensures the material's stability and performance under specified operating conditions.

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Maxwell

Maxwell is a unit of magnetic flux, named after the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell. It represents the amount of magnetic flux that passes through a surface or area of one square centimeter when a magnetic field of one gauss is applied perpendicular to that area. One maxwell is equal to one line of magnetic flux. The unit is primarily used in the CGS (Centimeter-Gram-Second) system of measurement and is equivalent to 10^−8 webers (Wb).

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Mega Gauss Oersteds (MGOe)

Mega Gauss Oersteds, abbreviated as MGOe, is a unit commonly used to express the maximum energy product (BHmax) of permanent magnets. It quantifies the amount of magnetic energy that a magnet can store per unit volume. One MGOe is equal to one million gauss oersteds. MGOe is a convenient unit for comparing and specifying the magnetic strength and performance of magnets in various industrial applications.

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Monopole

A monopole refers to a hypothetical magnetic pole that exists in isolation, either as a separate magnetic north pole or magnetic south pole. Unlike in reality, where magnetic poles always come in pairs (north and south), a monopole would be a single isolated pole. While monopoles have been theorized in certain branches of physics, such as particle physics, they have not been observed or found in nature.

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N Rating

N rating is a term commonly used in the neodymium magnet industry to classify and specify the strength or grade of neodymium magnets, which are known for their exceptional magnetic properties. The N rating is followed by a number, such as N35, N42, or N52, indicating the maximum energy product (BHmax) of the magnet. A higher N rating corresponds to a stronger magnet with greater magnetic performance.

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North Pole

The north pole is one of the two fundamental magnetic poles of a magnet. It is the pole that, when freely suspended, points towards the Earth's geographic North Pole. The north pole of a magnet is attracted to the south pole of another magnet, exhibiting a magnetic force of attraction. In magnetic materials, the north pole is associated with the outward direction of magnetic field lines.

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Oersted

Oersted is a unit used to measure magnetic field strength or magnetic field intensity (H). It is named after the Danish physicist Hans Christian Oersted, who discovered the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields. One oersted represents a magnetic field strength that exerts a force of one dyne on a unit magnetic pole (one gauss) placed at a distance of one centimeter. The unit is primarily used in the CGS system of measurement.

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Open Circuit

Open circuit can also refer to a condition in which a magnetic circuit is not closed or complete, preventing the establishment of a complete magnetic flux path. In this state, the magnetic field lines are unable to form a closed loop, resulting in reduced magnetic performance or weaker magnetic fields. Open circuits can occur due to air gaps, insufficient magnetic material, or improper configuration of magnetic components.

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Orientation

Orientation refers to the alignment or positioning of a magnet, magnetic material, or magnetic component with respect to a reference direction or axis. It determines the direction and distribution of the magnetic field or flux. The orientation of magnets or magnetic elements can significantly impact their magnetic characteristics, interactions with other magnets, and performance in magnetic circuits. Proper orientation is crucial for achieving desired magnetic behavior and optimizing magnetic systems.

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Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism is a property exhibited by certain materials that are weakly attracted to magnetic fields. When exposed to a magnetic field, paramagnetic materials develop a temporary magnetic moment in the direction of the field, causing a weak attraction. However, they lose their magnetism when the external field is removed. Paramagnetic materials have unpaired electrons that align with the field, but the alignment is not strong enough to retain magnetism permanently. Examples of paramagnetic materials include aluminum, platinum, and oxygen.

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Paramagnetic Materials

Paramagnetic materials are substances or elements that exhibit paramagnetism. These materials possess weak magnetic properties and are attracted to magnetic fields. When placed in a magnetic field, the paramagnetic materials become magnetized in the direction of the field due to the alignment of their atomic or molecular magnetic moments. However, the magnetism diminishes once the external field is removed. Paramagnetic materials have unpaired electrons, which contribute to their weak magnetic response.

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Permanent Magnet

Neodymium magnets are permanent magnets. A permanent magnet is a material or object that retains its magnetism indefinitely, and generates a persistent magnetic field without the need for an external magnetic field. It is made from materials with strong magnetic properties, such as iron, nickel, cobalt, or certain alloys. Permanent magnets are commonly used in various applications, including electric motors, generators, magnetic storage devices, and speakers, due to their ability to produce consistent and stable magnetic fields.

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Permeability

Permeability is a property of a material that determines its ability to allow the passage or transmission of magnetic flux. It quantifies how easily a material can be magnetized or how well it can support the establishment of a magnetic field. Permeability is a crucial factor in magnetic circuit design, as materials with high permeability can efficiently transmit magnetic flux. The permeability of a material is dependent on its composition, structure, and the presence of magnetic domains.

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Permeance (P)

Permeance (P) is a measure of the ease with which magnetic flux passes through a specific path or component in a magnetic circuit. It is the reciprocal of reluctance, which represents the opposition to magnetic flux. Permeance is analogous to conductance in electrical circuits and is calculated by dividing the length of the magnetic path by the permeability of the material. It determines the amount of magnetic flux that can be established or transmitted through a given magnetic circuit or component.

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Permeance Coefficient

The permeance coefficient is a term used to describe the ratio of remanent induction (Br) to the demagnetizing force (Hd) in a magnetic material. It is represented by the symbol Bd/Hd. The permeance coefficient provides information about the magnetic behavior and performance of a material. It indicates the slope of the operating line on the demagnetization curve and influences factors such as energy product and magnetic stability in a magnetic circuit.

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Plating/Coating

Coating or plating refers to the application of a protective layer on the surface of neodymium magnets. This layer acts as a barrier against corrosion, oxidation, and demagnetization, ensuring the longevity and performance of the magnet. Common coating materials include nickel, copper, epoxy, zinc, gold, tin, and more.

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Polarity

Polarity describes the orientation of the magnetic field in a neodymium magnet. A magnet has two poles: a north pole and a south pole. Like poles repel each other, while opposite poles attract. Understanding the polarity of neodymium magnets is crucial for their proper application and alignment in various magnetic systems.

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Pole

In neodymium magnets, a pole refers to one of the two ends where the magnetic field is concentrated: the north pole or the south pole. These poles play a vital role in magnet-to-magnet interactions, determining the direction of the magnetic force and influencing magnetic behaviors in different applications.

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Pull Force

Pull force, also known as holding force or magnetic strength, is the measure of the force required to separate a neodymium magnet from a magnetic material or a ferrous surface. It quantifies the magnet's ability to attract and hold objects. Pull force is influenced by factors such as magnet size, shape, grade, and the characteristics of the attracting material.

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Rare Earth

Rare Earth refers to a group of chemical elements found in the periodic table, including neodymium. Neodymium magnets are often referred to as rare-earth magnets due to their composition. These magnets possess exceptional magnetic properties and are highly sought after for their strength, making them widely used in various industrial, commercial, and consumer applications.

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Reluctance

Reluctance is a measure of how a magnetic circuit opposes the flow of magnetic flux. It is the magnetic equivalent of electrical resistance. In neodymium magnets, the design and geometry of the magnet and its surrounding materials affect the reluctance and determine the efficiency of the magnetic circuit.

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Relative Permeability

Relative permeability is a property that quantifies how easily a material can be magnetized when compared to a vacuum or free space. It indicates the degree to which a material can concentrate magnetic flux. Neodymium magnets exhibit high relative permeability, allowing for strong magnetic fields and efficient magnetic circuit designs.

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Remanence (Bd)

Remanence, often represented as Bd, is the measure of the residual magnetism remaining in a neodymium magnet after it has been magnetized to saturation and the external magnetic field is removed. It indicates the magnet's ability to retain its magnetic properties over time. Remanence is a crucial parameter in assessing the magnet's strength and performance.

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Repelling

Repelling refers to the phenomenon where like poles of neodymium magnets (e.g., north facing north or south facing south) exert a force that pushes them apart. The magnetic fields generated by the magnets oppose each other, resulting in a repulsive force. 

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Return Path

In a magnetic circuit involving neodymium magnets, the return path refers to the path through which the magnetic flux travels to complete the magnetic circuit. It typically involves the use of ferromagnetic materials or magnetic conductors to guide the magnetic field and ensure its continuous flow, maximizing the efficiency and performance of the magnet system.

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Shear Force

Shear force, also known as sliding resistance, refers to the force required to slide or move a neodymium magnet across a surface parallel to its plane. It is an important consideration when designing applications involving magnets, as it affects the stability, grip, and attachment strength of the magnet on different surfaces.

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South Pole

The south pole is one of the two fundamental magnetic poles of a magnet. It is the pole that, when freely suspended, points towards the Earth's geographic South Pole. The south pole of a magnet is attracted to the north pole of another magnet, exhibiting a magnetic force of attraction. In magnetic materials, the magnet field lines flow from the north pole to the south pole.

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Stacking

Stacking refers to the practice of combining multiple neodymium magnets together to create a magnet assembly with increased overall magnetic strength. By stacking magnets in series or parallel configurations, the magnetic field is intensified, allowing for stronger magnetic interactions and enhanced performance in various applications.

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Tesla

Tesla is the unit of measurement for magnetic flux density. It quantifies the strength and intensity of a magnetic field. Neodymium magnets can generate high magnetic flux densities, typically measured in tesla (T) or its subunit, the millitesla (mT). The tesla measurement is named after Nikola Tesla, a renowned inventor and physicist.

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Weber

Weber is the unit of measurement for magnetic flux. It represents the total number of magnetic field lines passing through a given area. The weber measurement is named after Wilhelm Eduard Weber, a German physicist and one of the pioneers in electromagnetic theory. It is an essential parameter for assessing and quantifying magnetic fields and fluxes in neodymium magnets.

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Weight

Weight refers to the weight of an individual magnet. 

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